Wednesday, 29 January 2025

Arctic Ocean


Arctic Ocean Overview.

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceans, located in the northernmost part of the planet. It is surrounded by the northern coastlines of North America, Europe, and Asia, and its waters are almost completely covered by ice for much of the year.

The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 14.05 million square kilometers and has an average depth of 1,038 meters. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard and to the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait between Alaska and Russia.ocean

The Arctic Ocean is home to a wide variety of marine life, including whales, seals, walruses, and polar bears. It also contains significant oil and gas reserves, which have become increasingly accessible as a result of melting sea ice. This has led to concerns about the impact of oil exploration and shipping on the fragile Arctic ecosystem.

Climate change is having a significant impact on the Arctic Ocean, with rapidly melting sea ice opening up new shipping routes and increasing access to natural resources. However, this is also leading to rising sea levels and the loss of important habitats for Arctic wildlife.southern Ocean

Efforts are underway to protect the Arctic Ocean, including the creation of marine protected areas and international agreements to limit oil and gas exploration and shipping in the region.

Arctic Ocean shape--

Arctic Ocean shape

The Arctic Ocean is roughly circular in shape, centered on the North Pole, and surrounded by the northernmost parts of the land masses of North America, Europe, and Asia. Its boundaries are defined by the surrounding land masses, and its size is approximately 14.05 million square kilometers. The shape of the Arctic Ocean is influenced by the underwater Lomonosov Ridge, which runs from the North Pole to the Siberian coast, and the Alpha Ridge, which runs from the North Pole to the Canadian coast. The ocean has an average depth of around 1,038 meters and a maximum depth of 5,625 meters in the Eurasian Basin.

Depth of Arctic Ocean--The Arctic Ocean has an average depth of around 1,038 meters (3,406 feet). The deepest point in the Arctic Ocean is the Fram Basin, located in the Eurasian Basin, with a depth of approximately 4,665 meters (15,308 feet).global warming

Surface area of Arctic Ocean-surface area of the Arctic Ocean is approximately 14.05 million square kilometers (5.43 million square miles). The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans, and it is located primarily within the Arctic Circle, encompassing parts of the Arctic region of the Northern Hemisphere. The ocean is surrounded by the northern coastlines of North America, Europe, and Asia, and its waters are mostly covered by sea ice, which varies in thickness and extent throughout the year.

Arctic Ocean coast--

The Arctic Ocean has several coasts, including the coasts of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Russia, Norway, and Iceland. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceans and is located mostly within the Arctic Circle. The coastline of the Arctic Ocean is characterized by rugged terrain, rocky cliffs, and scattered islands. Due to its extreme climate and remote location, the Arctic coast is mostly uninhabited and is home to a unique and fragile ecosystem that is vulnerable to climate change. The Arctic coast is also home to several indigenous communities who have adapted to the harsh conditions and rely on the region's resources for their livelihood.

Rivers fall in Arctic Ocean--No major rivers fall directly into the Arctic Ocean. However, there are several large rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean via the Arctic Sea, including the Ob, Yenisei, and Lena rivers in Russia, as well as the Mackenzie River in Canada. These rivers drain large areas of northern Russia and Canada and transport huge amounts of fresh water and sediment into the Arctic Ocean, contributing to the region's unique ecosystem and oceanographic conditions। Arctic Ocean continents&countries--

The Arctic Ocean is a body of water surrounded by the continents of North America, Europe, and Asia. There are several countries that have territory within or bordering the Arctic Ocean, including:

1.Canada

2.Denmark (through its territory of Greenland)

3.Norway

4.Russia

5.United States (through its state of Alaska)

6.Iceland

7.Sweden

8.Finland

It is important to note that the boundaries of the Arctic Ocean are not universally agreed upon, with some definitions including only the area north of the Arctic Circle, while others include a larger area that extends further south. Additionally, there are indigenous communities that live within the Arctic region, such as the Inuit and Sami peoples, who have a strong cultural and historical connection to the area.website

Velocity & length of Arctic Ocean-

The Arctic Ocean has a surface area of approximately 14,056,000 square kilometers and an average depth of 1,205 meters.

The velocity of the Arctic Ocean varies depending on location, depth, and other factors such as ocean currents, tides, and winds. Generally, the velocity of the Arctic Ocean ranges from less than 0.1 meters per second (0.2 miles per hour) to about 0.5 meters per second (1.1 miles per hour).Pacific Ocean

As for the length of the Arctic Ocean, it is difficult to define a precise length because it is a complex, irregularly shaped body of water with numerous inlets and islands. However, if we measure the Arctic Ocean from its southernmost point at the Bering Strait to its northernmost point at the North Pole, the length is approximately 14,056 kilometers (8,725 miles).

Arctic Ocean temprature--

The temperature of the Arctic Ocean can vary depending on the location and time of year. During the summer months, the surface temperature of the Arctic Ocean can reach as high as 0-10°C (32-50°F) in some areas, while the average temperature for the Arctic Ocean during this time is typically around 4°C (39.2°F).

In the winter, the surface temperature of the Arctic Ocean can drop significantly, with some areas reaching temperatures as low as -30°C (-22°F). However, the temperature of the deep water in the Arctic Ocean remains relatively constant at around -1.5°C (29.3°F) throughout the year.

It's worth noting that the Arctic Ocean is experiencing significant warming due to climate change, with average sea surface temperatures increasing by up to 2.7°C (4.9°F) over the past few decades. This warming is having a significant impact on the Arctic environment, including the melting of sea ice and changes in marine ecosystems.

Arctic Ocean colour--The Arctic Ocean's color can vary depending on various factors such as weather conditions, the presence of ice, and the time of year. In general, the Arctic Ocean appears dark blue to almost black in areas where the water is deeper and there is less ice cover. However, in areas with a lot of ice, the water can appear light blue or even white due to the reflection of sunlight off the ice. During the summer months, when there is less ice cover, the Arctic Ocean can also appear greener due to the growth of phytoplankton in the water.

Arctic Ocean commercial activities--

The Arctic Ocean is becoming increasingly accessible due to melting sea ice, and this has led to a growing interest in its commercial use. Some of the main commercial activities in the Arctic Ocean include:

1.Shipping: The Arctic Ocean's northern shipping route, also known as the Northeast Passage, provides a shortcut between Europe and Asia. This route can reduce transit times and fuel costs, making it attractive to commercial shipping companies. However, the route is only navigable for a few months each year and is still challenging due to the harsh weather conditions and lack of infrastructure.

2.Fishing: The Arctic Ocean is home to a variety of fish species, including cod, haddock, and shrimp. Commercial fishing in the region has been limited due to the harsh conditions and concerns about sustainability, but as the ice melts, fishing companies are looking to expand their operations.

3.Oil and gas exploration: The Arctic Ocean is believed to hold significant oil and gas reserves, and several countries, including Russia, Norway, and the United States, have already started exploring for resources in the region. However, drilling in the Arctic Ocean is expensive, risky, and controversial due to the potential environmental impacts.

4.Tourism: The Arctic Ocean's unique wildlife, such as polar bears, walruses, and narwhals, and its stunning natural scenery are attracting more tourists each year. However, tourism in the Arctic Ocean can also have negative impacts on the environment and local communities.

It is important to note that the commercial use of the Arctic Ocean is a complex issue that involves a range of stakeholders, including indigenous communities, environmental organizations, and national governments. Balancing economic development with environmental protection and the rights of indigenous peoples is a significant challenge that must be addressed in any decision-making process.

.Arctic Ocean affected climate change--

Climate change is affecting the Arctic Ocean in several ways. The Arctic region is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with temperatures rising at a faster rate than the global average. Here are some of the ways climate change is impacting the Arctic Ocean:

1.Melting sea ice: As the Arctic Ocean warms, sea ice is melting at a rapid pace. This has significant consequences for the Arctic ecosystem and the global climate. As the ice melts, it exposes dark ocean water, which absorbs more sunlight and heat, leading to further warming.

2.Ocean acidification: Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are causing the Arctic Ocean to become more acidic, which can have negative impacts on marine life.

3.Changes in ocean currents: Climate change is altering ocean currents, which can affect the circulation of nutrients and other important resources. This can have impacts on the entire Arctic ecosystem, including fish populations and marine mammals.

4.Rising sea levels: As the Arctic Ocean warms and ice melts, sea levels are rising. This has implications for coastal communities, as well as for shipping routes and natural resources.

Overall, the impacts of climate change on the Arctic Ocean are far-reaching and significant. As global temperatures continue to rise, it is likely that we will see further changes in the Arctic ecosystem and its surrounding communities.

The deepest portion Arctic Ocean--The deepest portion of the Arctic Ocean is the Eurasian Basin, located north of the Laptev Sea and extending towards the North Pole. The maximum depth of the Eurasian Basin is approximately 5,450 meters (17,880 feet) at the Litke Deep, which is located in the vicinity of the Gakkel Ridge, a divergent plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

Located of Arctic Ocean--The Arctic Ocean is located in the northern hemisphere and surrounds the North Pole. It is bordered by several countries including Canada, Russia, Norway, Denmark, and the United States (via Alaska).

Arctic canoeing Dangers--

How dangerous is it to canoe in the Arctic ocean?

Canoeing in the Arctic Ocean can be extremely dangerous and should not be attempted without the proper experience, training, and equipment. The Arctic Ocean is known for its extreme weather conditions, including strong winds, high waves, and sudden storms, which can make paddling very challenging and potentially life-threatening. In addition, the water temperature in the Arctic Ocean is often below freezing, which can quickly lead to hypothermia and other cold-related injuries.

Furthermore, the Arctic Ocean is home to several dangerous marine animals, including polar bears, walruses, and killer whales, which can pose a significant threat to canoeists. In addition, the remote location of the Arctic Ocean can make rescue and emergency assistance difficult to obtain, increasing the risks of any potential accidents.

If you are planning to canoe in the Arctic Ocean, it is essential to have proper training and equipment, including cold-water paddling gear, communication devices, and emergency supplies. You should also research the area thoroughly, including weather conditions, marine animal behavior, and potential hazards, and consider hiring a guide or joining a guided tour to increase your safety.

Disclaimer--Articles related to the Arctic Ocean have been collected from various multimedia fields and presented before you. However, for specific information, please contact a subject matter expert.









सचिन तेंदुलकर- एक परिचय

क्रिकेट जगत के सरताज कहे जाने वाले सचिन तेंदुलकर को पहचान की जरूरत नहीं. भारत का कोई ऐसा क्षेत्र नही जहाँ इनके नाम के चर्चे नही हो या फिर यूँ कहे की ये विश्व प्रसिद्ध है.master blaster sachin tendulker
सचिन तेंदुलकर

प्रारंभिक जीवन और करियर की शुरुआत:

सचिन तेंदुलकर का क्रिकेट से जुड़ाव बहुत ही कम उम्र में हुआ। उन्होंने अपने क्रिकेट करियर की शुरुआत 11 साल की उम्र में ही की थी। उन्होंने मुंबई के सोराठी क्रिकेट क्लब से खेलते हुए अपनी क्रिकेट यात्रा शुरू की। तेंदुलकर ने अपनी कड़ी मेहनत और तकनीकी कौशल के दम पर जल्दी ही अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट में जगह बनाई।

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय करियर:

सचिन तेंदुलकर ने 15 साल की उम्र में 1989 में पाकिस्तान के खिलाफ टेस्ट क्रिकेट में पदार्पण किया था। उन्होंने एकदिवसीय (ODI) क्रिकेट में भी 1989 में ही पदार्पण किया। उनके पहले मैच में वे केवल 15 रन ही बना पाए थे, लेकिन उसके बाद उन्होंने क्रिकेट की दुनिया में जो मुकाम हासिल किया, वह अविस्मरणीय है।

तेंदुलकर ने 200 टेस्ट मैचों में 15,921 रन बनाए, जो कि अब तक एक रिकॉर्ड है। साथ ही, उन्होंने 463 एकदिवसीय मैचों में 18,426 रन बनाए, जो भी एक ऐतिहासिक रिकॉर्ड है। उनके नाम कुल 100 अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शतक हैं (51 टेस्ट और 49 एकदिवसीय)।

प्रमुख उपलब्धियाँ:

  1. वर्ल्ड कप 2003 – सचिन तेंदुलकर 2003 वर्ल्ड कप में भारतीय टीम के प्रमुख बल्लेबाज थे। हालांकि भारत फाइनल में हार गया, लेकिन तेंदुलकर की बल्लेबाजी की तारीफ की गई।
  2. 2011 वर्ल्ड कप – सचिन तेंदुलकर ने अपनी कड़ी मेहनत से 2011 वर्ल्ड कप में भारत को जीत दिलाई और अपनी लंबे समय से चली आ रही वर्ल्ड कप जीतने की इच्छा को पूरा किया।
  3. 100 शतक – तेंदुलकर ने अपने करियर में 100 अंतर्राष्ट्रीय शतक बनाए, जो कि एक ऐतिहासिक उपलब्धि है।
  4. प्रथम खिलाड़ी जो 200 रन एकदिवसीय में बनाए – 2010 में, उन्होंने एकदिवसीय क्रिकेट में 200 रन बनाए थे, जो कि एक नई उपलब्धि थी।

सेवानिवृत्ति:

सचिन तेंदुलकर ने 16 नवंबर 2013 को अपने टेस्ट क्रिकेट करियर से विदाई ली। उनके द्वारा आखिरी टेस्ट मैच में खेला गया एक ऐतिहासिक पल था। उन्होंने 24 साल के लंबे और शानदार करियर के बाद क्रिकेट से अलविदा ली, लेकिन उनकी धरोहर हमेशा जीवित रहेगी।

पुरस्कार और सम्मान:

सचिन तेंदुलकर को कई पुरस्कारों से नवाजा गया, जिनमें भारत रत्न (2014), पद्मश्री (1999), पद्मभूषण (2008), और अर्जुन पुरस्कार (1994) शामिल हैं। उन्हें ICC द्वारा "क्रिकेटर ऑफ़ द ईयर" और "वर्ल्ड क्रिकेट के महानतम खिलाड़ी" के रूप में भी सम्मानित किया गया है।

सचिन तेंदुलकर का जीवन प्रेरणा से भरा हुआ है। उन्होंने क्रिकेट को नया आयाम दिया और पूरी दुनिया में भारतीय क्रिकेट को एक नई पहचान दिलाई। उनके योगदान को कभी भुलाया नहीं जा सकेगा।

Disclaimer- उपरोक्त ब्लॉग विभिन्न क्षेत्रों से संकलित करके जानकारी लेकर आपके समक्ष प्रस्तुत किया गया है. भूल हो सकती है इसके लिए क्षमा प्रार्थी हूँ! जानकारी मे अंतर हो सकती है. अधिक जानकारी के लिए आप क्रिकेट जगत के जानकार से जानकारी लेने के लिए स्वतंत्र हो.


Tuesday, 18 April 2023

ALGEBRA


Algebra basics

What is Algebra
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols. It involves using variables to represent numbers or quantities, and manipulating these variables using mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Algebra is used to solve problems in many areas, including science, engineering, finance, and economics. It is also an important tool in the study of other branches of mathematics, such as geometry, calculus, and number theory.

The study of algebra involves learning about various topics such as equations, inequalities, functions, graphs, matrices, and polynomials. Algebra is an essential part of mathematics and is used extensively in many fields, making it a crucial subject to learn for students pursuing a career in STEM fields.student &teachers ghayan

The fundamental theorem of Algebra--The fundamental theorem of algebra, which states that every non-constant polynomial equation with complex coefficients has at least one complex root, was first proved by the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1799. However, various aspects of the theorem were studied by mathematicians such as Isaac Newton, René Descartes, and Leonhard Euler in the centuries before Gauss's work.
Types of Algebra.what is website
types of Algebra---

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols. It involves solving equations and working with mathematical expressions, including variables, constants, and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

There are different types of algebra, including:

👉Elementary algebra: This is the branch of algebra that deals with the basic concepts of algebra, such as solving linear equations, simplifying expressions, and manipulating polynomials.

👉Abstract algebra: This is the study of algebraic structures such as groups, rings, and fields. It involves the study of abstract mathematical objects and their properties.

👉Linear algebra: This is the branch of algebra that deals with linear equations, matrices, and vectors. It has many applications in engineering, physics, and computer science.

👉Boolean algebra: This is a branch of algebra that deals with logical expressions and truth values. It has applications in digital logic design and computer science.

👉Number theory: This is a branch of algebra that deals with the properties of numbers and their relationships. It has applications in cryptography and computer science.

👉Algebraic geometry: This is the study of geometric objects that are defined by algebraic equations. It has applications in physics and engineering.
Algebraic Q&A Example--

Sure, here are a few algebraic questions and their solutions:

👉Solve for x: 2x + 5 = 13
Solution:
Subtract 5 from both sides of the equation:
2x = 8
Divide both sides by 2:
x = 4

👉Simplify the expression: 3x^2 + 2x^2 - x^2
Solution:
Combining like terms, we get:
3x^2 + 2x^2 - x^2 = 4x^2

👉Factorize the expression: 4x^2 - 25
Solution:
This is a difference of squares, so we can factorize it as:
4x^2 - 25 = (2x + 5)(2x - 5)

👉Solve for x: 2(3x - 1) = 8x + 6
Solution:
Distribute the 2 on the left side of the equation:
6x - 2 = 8x + 6
Subtract 6x from both sides of the equation:
-2 = 2x + 6
Subtract 6 from both sides of the equation:
-8 = 2x
Divide both sides by 2:
x = -4

👉Simplify the expression: (3x + 2y)^2
Solution:
Using the formula (a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2, we get:
(3x + 2y)^2 = (3x)^2 + 2(3x)(2y) + (2y)^2
= 9x^2 + 12xy + 4y^2                             Algebra was developed by several ancient civilizations, including the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Greeks. However, the father of algebra is often considered to be the Persian
Algebra solving trick--
One algebra solving trick that can be helpful is to isolate the variable by performing the same operation on both sides of the equation. For example, if you have the equation:

2x + 5 = 11

You can isolate the variable x by subtracting 5 from both sides of the equation:

2x + 5 - 5 = 11 - 5

Simplifying, you get:

2x = 6

Then, to isolate x, you can divide both sides by 2:

2x/2 = 6/2

Simplifying further, you get:

x = 3

This algebra solving trick is called the "balance method" and it involves keeping the equation balanced by performing the same operation on both sides of the equation. It's a useful trick to keep in mind when solving algebraic equations.

Disclaimer--The above algebra-related blog is compiled to provide you information from various fields, but I cannot confirm its authenticity. For more information, please contact the relevant sources.


Thursday, 13 April 2023

नेल्सन मंडेला

नेल्सन मंडेला कौन थे? (Nelson Mandela 

नेल्सन मंडेला (Nelson Mandela) एक दक्षिण अफ्रीकी स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के लोकप्रिय नेता थे। वह दक्षिण अफ्रीका के पहले व्यक्ति थे जिन्होंने आपर्थैड के खिलाफ संघर्ष किया और दक्षिण अफ्रीका में राजनीतिक समानता और जाति भेदभाव के खिलाफ लड़ाई में अहम भूमिका निभाई।

मंडेला को 1993 में नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया, जिसमें उनके संघर्ष और उनकी लड़ाई के प्रति विश्वास जताया गया। उन्होंने 1994 में दक्षिण अफ्रीका के राष्ट्रपति के रूप में चुनाव जीता और दक्षिण अफ्रीका के इतिहास में एक महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया।

नेल्सन मंडेला को एक महान नेता के रूप में याद किया जाता है, जिन्होंने दक्षिण अफ्रीका के लोगों के लिए एक समान और न्यायपूर्ण समाज बनाने में अहम भूमिका निभाई।
नेल्सन मंडेला का जन्म एवम बचपन-- नेल्सन मंडेला का जन्म 18 जुलाई, 1918 को दक्षिण अफ्रीका के मध्य में स्थित मदीबा गाँव में हुआ था। उनके पिता का नाम गडला हेनरी मंडेला था जो एक तबाकू का व्यापारी थे। उनकी माता का नाम नोकुथुला फुन्टेकिला था। नेल्सन मंडेला की प्रारंभिक शिक्षा मदीबा गाँव के लोकल स्कूलों में हुई, जहाँ उन्हें बृहत्ता विविध विषयों में पढ़ाया जाता थानेल्सन का बचपन काफी दुःखमय रहा। वह अपने जीवन के प्रारंभिक दिनों में अपर्याप्त भोजन और अशिक्षा के साथ जूझ रहे थे। नेल्सन के पिता का 1930 में निधन हो गया था, जिसके बाद उनकी मां ने उन्हें एक स्कूल में भर्ती कराया। उन्होंने इंग्लिश के लिए खूब मेहनत की और अपनी पढ़ाई जारी रखी।बाद में उनके बचपन के दौरान उन्हें नेल्सन के नाम से जाना जाने लगा, जो उनके परिवार के एक सदस्य के नाम पर रखा गया था। नेल्सन मंडेला ने जीवन भर इस नाम से ही जाना जाता रहा और दुनिया भर में उन्हें इस नाम से ही जाना जाता है।
 नेल्सन मंडेला की कॉलेज जीवन--

नेल्सन मंडेला ने कई विभिन्न कॉलेजों से अपनी शिक्षा प्राप्त की। उन्होंने पहली बार 1937 में कलाकारी और वाणिज्य की एक कोर्स करने के लिए क्लारेमोंट कॉलेज में प्रवेश किया था, लेकिन उन्होंने इसको पूरा नहीं किया।

बाद में, उन्होंने विटर्सरंड विश्वविद्यालय में दाखिला लिया और वहां से सामाजिक विज्ञान में स्नातक की डिग्री हासिल की। उन्होंने इससे पहले भी दो बार अपने गुलामी के विरोध में विश्वविद्यालय में शामिल होने की कोशिश की थी, लेकिन उन्हें अपनी गुलामी के आरोपों के कारण नहीं चुना गया था।

नेल्सन मंडेला ने बाद में जोहान्सबर्ग की तकनीकी विश्वविद्यालय से भी एलबीएस की डिग्री हासिल की।

 नेल्सन मंडेला के भाई व् बहन--नेल्सन मंडेला के पास तीन भाई थे। उनके नाम हैं एलेक्स, डेविड और मकथाडी मंडेला। उनमें से एलेक्स एक डॉक्टर थे, जबकि डेविड एक सिविल सेवक थे। मकथाडी एक सेना अधिकारी थे।

नेल्सन मंडेला के दो बहनें भी थीं, इनेस और बुसी मंडेला। वे दोनों शिक्षक थीं।

नेल्सन मंडेला का राजनीतिक जीवन--

नेल्सन मंडेला दक्षिण अफ्रीका के सबसे प्रख्यात राजनेताओं में से एक थे। उन्होंने अपार साहस और निर्धारितता के साथ अपार संघर्ष करते हुए अपार्थाइड के खिलाफ लड़ाई लड़ी। उन्होंने अपने जीवन के लगभग 27 सालों तक केंद्रीय जेल में बंद रहकर भी अपने संघर्ष के प्रणयन में कभी कमी नहीं की।

नेल्सन मंडेला की राजनीतिक जीवन उनके विवेकशीलता, संघर्ष और दृढ़ता से भरा हुआ रहा। उनकी जन्म जम्बिया में हुआ था और उन्होंने एक दलित परिवार में जन्म लिया था। वे दक्षिण अफ्रीका में अपार्थाइड के विरोध में लड़ने वाले सबसे प्रभावशाली राजनेताओं में से एक बन गए।

1952 में उन्होंने अपनी पहली राजनीतिक नौजवानी शुरू की, जिसमें वे दक्षिण अफ्रीका के नागरिकों के लिए न्याय और समानता की मांग को आगे बढ़ाने में सक्षम रहे। उन्होंने अपनी राजनीतिक करियर में अनेक बार अपने देश के लिए जीवन की बाजी लगाई।अफ्रीका राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस (ANC) के सदस्य बने और उन्होंने अपनी लड़ाई जारी रखी। अपने समूह के साथ उन्होंने विभिन्न विरोधी एक्शन और सत्याग्रह आंदोलनों में भाग लिया, जिनमें नॉन-काँफ्रेंटेशन प्रक्रिया, शॉप राइट्स और शिक्षा आदि शामिल थे।

1962 में वे अपने समूह के साथ गुप्त रूप से जुड़े रहते हुए अपनी लड़ाई जारी रखते रहे और उन्हें दक्षिण अफ्रीका से बाहर भागने के लिए बदले गए। नेल्सन मंडेला को गिरफ्तार किया गया और उन्हें उम्रकैद में भेजा गया। उन्होंने अपनी लड़ाई जारी रखते हुए जेल में लगभग 27 साल तक बंद रहे।

नेल्सन मंडेला प्रथम अधिपति--- नेल्सन मंडेला दक्षिण अफ्रीका के प्रथम अधिपति (President) थे और उन्होंने 1994 से 1999 तक इस पद पर कार्यभार संभाला था। वे दक्षिण अफ्रीका के पहले चुनित नेता थे जो एक बाइरोस्ट्रेटिक संघर्ष के बाद देश का प्रधानमंत्री बने थे। उन्होंने 1994 में दक्षिण अफ्रीका के पहले बाइरोस्ट्रेटिक चुनावों में भाग लिया था और उनकी पार्टी, आफ्रिकन नेशनल कांग्रेस (African National Congress), उन चुनावों को जीत गई थी।

नेल्सन मंडेला द्वारा संचालित पार्टी--
नेल्सन मंडेला द्वारा 1912 में जन्मस्थान प्रांत की शाखा राजनीतिक पार्टी (ANC) के साथ जुड़ने के बाद साल 1944 में उन्होंने एक अलग पार्टी बनाने का फैसला किया। इस पार्टी का नाम 'अफ्रीकन नेशनल कांग्रेस' (African National Congress, ANC) रखा गया था।

नेल्सन मंडेला द्वारा बनाई गई यह पार्टी दक्षिण अफ्रीका में राजनीतिक विरोध की मुहिमों का केंद्र बन गई और नेल्सन मंडेला के नेतृत्व में यह पार्टी अपार सफलता प्राप्त करती रही। नेल्सन मंडेला के नेतृत्व में ANC ने दक्षिण अफ्रीका के अपारितन व्यवस्था के खिलाफ जंग लड़ी और संघर्ष किया।

नेल्सन मंडेला की मेहनत, उनके दृढ़ दृष्टिकोण और उनकी दक्षता ने ANC को एक मजबूत राजनीतिक दल बनाने में मदद की। आज, ANC दक्षिण अफ्रीका की सरकार पार्टी है और नेल्सन मंडेला का योगदान उसके विस्तृत और सफल राजनीतिक उपलब्धियों को दर्शाता है।

मुख्य रचित पुस्तक-- नेल्सन मंडेला ने कई पुस्तकों का रचनात्मक योगदान दिया है। उनकी सबसे प्रसिद्ध पुस्तक "Long Walk to Freedom" है जो उनकी जीवनी है। यह पुस्तक उनके अप्रकटित विचारों, सोच और जीवन के संघर्ष के बारे में है। इसके अलावा, उन्होंने अपनी आत्मकथा "Conversations with Myself" भी लिखी है। यह पुस्तक उनके व्यक्तिगत जीवन के संघर्ष और उनकी चिंताओं के बारे में है। नेल्सन मंडेला ने भी कुछ और पुस्तकों का लेखन किया है जैसे "No Easy Walk to Freedom", "Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years" और "The Struggle is My Life"।

उपदेश मंडेला के---

नेल्सन मंडेला के उपदेश

नेल्सन मंडेला एक महान व्यक्तित्व थे जो अपराध में दोषी ठहराए जाने के बाद स्वतंत्रता संग्राम करने के बाद दक्षिण अफ्रीका के पहले अंग्रेजी राज्यपाल बने। उनके जीवन में अनेकों उपदेश हैं, लेकिन कुछ अधिक महत्वपूर्ण उपदेश निम्नलिखित हैं:

आपके संघर्ष से सीखो: मंडेला का संघर्ष सभी के लिए एक महान उदाहरण है। उनकी जीवन गाथा में हर कदम पर उन्हें एक नई चुनौती का सामना करना पड़ा। इसलिए, हम सभी को अपनी ज़िन्दगी में आने वाली चुनौतियों से सीखना चाहिए और अपनी सीमाओं को तोड़कर आगे बढ़ना चाहिए।

सभी में एकता का समझ: मंडेला ने एकता और समझौते का महत्व समझाया था। उन्होंने सिखाया कि हमें अपने विभिन्नताओं के बावजूद एक दूसरे के साथ संबंध बनाए रखने की आवश्यकता होती है। उन्होंने एक ऐसे देश को जोड़ा जो विभिन्न जातियों, धर्मों और आयु के लोगों से भरा हुआ था।

उपाधि नेल्सन मंडेला के--

उपाधि नेल्सन मंडेला के

उपाधि नेल्सन मंडेला के कई थे। सबसे पहले, उन्हें 1993 में नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था। उन्हें यह पुरस्कार सफलतापूर्वक दक्षिण अफ्रीका के एक नेता के रूप में अपार योगदान के लिए समर्पित किया गया था।

उन्हें अन्य उपाधियों से भी सम्मानित किया गया था, जिनमें से कुछ निम्नलिखित हैं:

भारत का भारत रत्न (1990)

नाइजीरिया का नाइजीरिया के सर्वोच्च नायक (1986)

जम्बिया का जम्बिया नेशनल हीरो (1990)

अमेरिका का एक गॉल्ड मेडल (2002)

कनाडा का ओर्डर ऑफ़ कैनेडा (1998)

अन्य उपलब्धियों में से कुछ शिक्षाप्रद पुरस्कार भी शामिल हैं।

नेल्सन मंडेला की मृत्यु-- नेल्सन मंडेला की मृत्यु 5 दिसंबर, 2013 को हुई थी। उनकी मृत्यु झांसी के एक अस्पताल में हुई जहां वे लंबे समय से इलाज के दौरान थे। वे 95 वर्ष के थे।

👉नेल्सन मंडेला ने दक्षिण अफ्रीका में काले लोगों के लिए आरक्षण को अस्वीकार नहीं किया था, बल्कि वह अपार्थेइड को खत्म करने के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण व्यक्ति थे। अपार्थेइड एक प्रणाली थी जो 1948 से 1994 तक दक्षिण अफ्रीका में स्थापित थी और जिसमें जातिगत अलगाव और भेदभाव बनाए रखने के लिए संस्थागत रूप से समर्थन था।

इस समय के दौरान, दक्षिण अफ्रीका की सफेद अल्पसंख्यक सरकार ने शिक्षा, आवास, रोजगार और राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधित्व जैसे हर पहलू में काले दक्षिण अफ्रीकी लोगों को स्थायी रूप से हानि पहुंचाने वाली कुछ कानून और नीतियों को लागू किया था। मंडेला और अपार्थेइड विरोधी नेताओं ने इन अन्यायों के खिलाफ लड़ाई लड़ी

Disclaimer--उपरोक्त ब्लॉग नेल्सन मंडेला के संबंध में विभिन्न क्षेत्रों से संकलित अधिक से अधिक जानकारी साझा करने की कोशिश किया हूँ। Thanx for watching



Thursday, 6 April 2023

BIHAR CHIEF MINISTER LIST

BIHAR CHIEF MINISTER LIST 1947 to 2023🌷🌹


Since the formation of the Indian state of Bihar on March 22, 1912, there have been several Chief Ministers who have served the state. However, Bihar became a separate state on November 15, 2000, after it was bifurcated from the state of Jharkhand. global warming

Here is a list of Chief Ministers of Bihar from 1947 to 2023:

  1. Sri Krishna Singh (1946-1961)
  2. Binodanand Jha (1961-1963)
  3. K. B. Sahay (1963-1967)
  4. Mahamaya Prasad Sinha (1967-1968)
  5. B. P. Mandal (1968-1969)
  6. Daroga Prasad Rai (1969-1970)
  7. Mahamaya Prasad Sinha (1970-1971)
  8. Abdul Ghafoor (1971-1972)
  9. Kedar Pandey (1972-1973)
  10. Jagannath Mishra (1975-1977)
  11. Karpoori Thakur (1977-1979)
  12. Ram Sundar Das (1979-1980)
  13. Jagannath Mishra (1980-1983)
  14. Chandrashekhar Singh (1983-1985)
  15. Bindeshwari Dubey (1985-1988)
  16. Bhagwat Jha Azad (1988-1989)
  17. Satyendra Narayan Sinha (1989-1990)arctic Ocean
  18. Lalu Prasad Yadav (1990-1997)
  19. Rabri Devi (1997-1999)
  20. President's rule (1999-2000)
  21. Nitish Kumar (2005-2023)

Note: There was a period of President's rule in Bihar from 1999 to 2000, during which the state was directly governed by the central government of India. southern Ocean

Wednesday, 5 April 2023

ENGLISH PUNCTUATION MARKS

.English punctuation marks--

Punctuation marks play a crucial role in English writing, as they help to convey meaning, clarity, and emphasis in written communication. Here are some of the most important punctuation marks in English:google map

👉Period (.)
The period is used to end a sentence that makes a statement.
Example: The cat sat on the mat.

👉Question mark (?)
The question mark is used at the end of a sentence that asks a question.
Example: Where is the nearest grocery store?

👉Exclamation mark (!)
The exclamation mark is used to express strong emotion or emphasis.
Example: I can't believe we won the game!

👉Comma (,)
The comma is used to separate items in a list, to separate clauses in a sentence, and to set off nonessential phrases or clauses.
Example: I need to buy apples, bananas, and oranges at the store. Ocean

👉Colon (:)
The colon is used to introduce a list, an explanation, or a quotation.
Example: There are three things I need to do today: go to the bank, buy groceries, and do laundry.

👉Semicolon (;)
The semicolon is used to connect two closely related independent clauses.
Example: I have a lot of work to do; I can't go to the party.

👉Dash (-)
The dash is used to set off a phrase or clause that provides additional information or to emphasize a point.
Example: I love to eat pizza – especially when it's hot and cheesy.

👉Parentheses ( )
Parentheses are used to enclose additional information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Example: The new restaurant (which just opened last week) is getting great reviews.

👉Quotation marks (" ")
Quotation marks are used to indicate direct speech or to indicate the title of a book, article, or other published work.
Example: She said, "I'm really excited for the concert tonight."

👉Ellipsis (...) - used to indicate the omission of one or more words in a sentence. For example: "The store had apples, oranges, and ... bananas."

👉Dash (--) - used to separate phrases in a sentence or to indicate a sudden change in thought. For example: "I was going to go to the store -- but then it started raining."

👉Brace ({}) - used to group related items together or to indicate a set of options. For example: "Choose your preferred color {red, green, blue}."

👉At sign (@) - used to indicate a user's name or handle on social media or email. For example: "@quora, can you help me with this question?"

👉Asterisk (*) - used to indicate a footnote or to draw attention to a specific point. For example: "Please see footnote * for more information."Model explains brackets.

👉Apostrophe (')
The apostrophe is a punctuation mark used to indicate possession or to show that letters or numbers have been omitted.
Example 1: Indicating possession
John's car is red. (The car belongs to John.)

Example 2: Omitting letters
It's a beautiful day. (It's is a contraction of "it is," with the "i" omitted.)

👉Brackets ([ ])
Brackets are punctuation marks used to enclose additional information that is not part of the main sentence or to clarify the meaning of a word.
Example 1: Adding information
The article [in the newspaper] was very interesting. (The phrase "in the newspaper" is additional information.)

Example 2: Clarifying meaning
She said, "I want to buy a [red] dress." (The brackets clarify that the speaker wants a dress that is specifically red.)

👉Round Brackets or Parentheses (())
Round brackets, also known as parentheses, are used to enclose information that is not essential to the main sentence, such as explanations, asides, or additional information. They can also be used to indicate a correction.
Example 1: Adding information
The book (which I borrowed from the library) was very good. (The phrase "which I borrowed from the library" is additional information.)

Example 2: Correction
She said, "I visited Paris in 2017 (not 2018)." (The parentheses indicate a correction to the speaker's previous statement.)

👉Square Brackets ([ ])
Square brackets are used to enclose added or changed words in a quotation to indicate that they were not part of the original text. They can also be used to indicate a correction in a quote.
Example 1: Adding or changing words
The original sentence: "She said, 'I want to go home.'"
The changed sentence: "She said, '[We] want to go home.'" (The brackets indicate that the word "we" was added.)

Example 2: Correction
The original sentence: "He said, 'I am very happy.'"
The corrected sentence: "He said, '[I am] very happy." (The brackets indicate that the word "I am" was omitted in the original quote, and that the corrected sentence includes it.)

I hope that helps!

These are some of the most important punctuation marks in English. Proper use of punctuation can greatly enhance the clarity and meaning of your writing.

KEYBOARD🎹 SYMBOL NAME

"The full form of keyboard is "Keyed Musical Instrument Digital Interface Board". However, in the context of computers, the term keyboard generally refers to the input device consisting of a set of keys used for typing or controlling a computer.""
Here are the names of some common keyboard symbols: Gk&gs
👉! - Exclamation mark
👉" - Quotation mark
👉- Number sign or pound sign
👉$ - Dollar sign
👉% - Percent sign
👉& - Ampersand
👉' - Apostrophe
👉( - Left parenthesis
👉) - Right parenthesis
Asterisk or star
Plus sign
👉, - Comma
Hyphen or dash
👉. - Period or dot
👉/ - Slash or forward slash
👉: - Colon
👉; - Semicolon
👉< - Less than sign
👉= - Equal sign
Greater than sign
👉? - Question mark
👉@ - At sign or commercial at
👉[ - Left square bracket or opening bracket
👉\ - Backslash state&capital list of India
👉] - Right square bracket or closing bracket
👉^ - Caret or circumflex accent
👉_ - Underscore
👉` - Grave accent
👉{ - Left curly brace or opening brace
👉| - Vertical bar or pipe
👉} - Right curly brace or closing brace
👉~ - Tilde

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